NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Physics Chapter 11 Thermal Properties of Matter

Q.1: The triple points of neon and carbon dioxide are 24.57 K and 216.55 K, respectively. Express these temperatures on the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.
Ans:

Given: Kelvin and Celsius scales are related as

TC = TK – 273.15  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)

We know :       TF =

Q.2: Two absolute scales, A and B, have triple points of water defined to be 200 A and 350 B. What is the relation between TA and TB?

Ans:

Given:

The triple point of water on absolute scale B, T2 = 400 B

The triple point of water on absolute scale A, T1 = 200 A

The triple point of water on the Kelvin scale, TK = 273.15 K

273.15 K on the Kelvin scale is equivalent to 200 A on the absolute scale A.

Q.3: The electrical resistance in ohms of a certain thermometer varies with temperature according to the approximate law- R = Ro[1 + α (T – To )]. The resistance is 101.6 Ω at the triple-point of water 273.16 K, and 165.5 Ω at the normal melting point of lead (600.5 K). What is the temperature when the resistance is 123.4 Ω?

Ans:

Triple point temperature, T0 =273.16 K

Resistance at the triple point, R0=101.6 Ω

The normal melting point of lead, T1= 600.5 K
Resistance at the normal melting point, R1 =165.5 Ω
According to approximate law,

R1=R0[1+α(T1−T0)]

165.5=101.6[1+α(600.5 – 273.16)]

165.5=101.6[1+α(327.34)]

165.5=101.6+α(101.6)(327.34)

165.5=101.6+α(101.6 x 327.34)

α = (165.5 – 101.6) /(101.6 x 327.34)

α = 63.9/(101.6 x 327.34)​

Now, when resistance is 123.4Ω, then temperature T2 is

R2=R0[1+α(T2−T0)] 123.4=101.6[1+α(T2 – 273.16)]

123.4= 101.6[1 +(63.9/(101.6 x 327.34)) (T2 – 273.16)]

123.4 = 101.6 + (63.9/327.34)(T2 – 273.16)

123.4  =101.6 +  (0.195)(T2) – (0.195) (273.16)

123.4  =101.6 +  (0.195)(T2) – 53.32

T2 = (123.4 – 101.6 + 53.32) /0.195 = 75.12/0.195  = 385.23

Q.4: Answer the following.
(a) The triple-point of water is a standard fixed point in a modern thermometer. Why? What is wrong with taking the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water as standard fixed points (as was originally done in the Celsius scale)?
(b) There were two fixed points in the original Celsius scale, as mentioned above, which were assigned the numbers 0 °C and 100 °C, respectively. On the absolute scale, one of the fixed points is the triple-point of water, which on the Kelvin absolute scale is assigned the number 273.16 K. What is the other fixed point on this (Kelvin) scale?
(c) The absolute temperature (Kelvin scale) T is related to the temperature tc on the Celsius scale by tc = T – 273.15. Why do we have 273.15 in this relation and not 273.16?
(d) What is the temperature of the triple-point of water on an absolute scale whose unit interval size is equal to that of the Fahrenheit scale?

Ans:

(i) Melting and boiling points of water aren’t considered the standard fixed points because they vary with change in pressure, the temperature of the triple point of water is unique, and it does not vary with pressure.
(ii) On Kelvin’s scale, there is only a lower fixed point which is 273.16 K, the upper fixed point is not there.
(iii) The relation is such because 273.15 K on Kelvin’s scale corresponds to the melting point of ice while 273.16 K is the triple point of water.
(iv) We know,
Relation between the Fahrenheit scale and the Absolute scale,
i.e.  

Q.5. Two ideal gas thermometers, A and B, use oxygen and hydrogen, respectively. The following observations are made: 

Temperature	Pressure thermometer A	Pressure thermometer B
Triple-point of water	1.250 × 105 Pa	0.200 × 105 Pa
The normal melting point of sulphur	1.797 × 105 Pa	0.287 × 105 Pa

a) What is the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur as read by thermometers A and B?
(b) What do you think is the reason behind the slight difference in answers of thermometers A and B? (The thermometers are not faulty). What further procedure is needed in the experiment to reduce the discrepancy between the two readings?

Ans:

(a)

The triple point of water, T= 273.16K.

The pressure in thermometer A at the  triple point, PA =1.25×105 Pa

The normal melting point of sulphur = T1

The pressure in thermometer A at this temperature, P1=1.797×105 Pa

According to Charles’s law, we have the relation

PA/T=P1/T1

T1 = P1 T/PA

= (1.797×105×273.16)/1.25×105
​
=392.69 K

Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur, as read by thermometer A, is 392.69 K.

(b) The pressure in thermometer B at the triple point of water, PB =0.2×105 Pa

The temperature in thermometer B at the normal melting point (T1) of sulphur is, P1 =  0.287×105 Pa

According to Charles’s law, we can write the relation
PB/T=P1/T1
T1 = P1 T/PB​​

T1 = (0.287×105 × 273.16)/0.2×105
=391.98 K

Therefore, the absolute temperature of the normal melting point of sulphur, as read by thermometer B, is 391.98 K.

(b) The reason for the discrepancy is that the gases do not behave like ideal gas in practice. The discrepancy can be reduced by taking the reading at very low pressure so that the gases show perfect behaviour.

Q.6. A steel tape 1m long is correctly calibrated for a temperature of 27.0 °C. The length of a steel rod measured by this tape is found to be 63.0 cm on a hot day when the temperature is 45.0 °C. What is the actual length of the steel rod on that day? What is the length of the same steel rod on a day when the temperature is 27.0 °C? Coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.20 × 10–5 K–1

Ans:

T = 27 °C

At the temperature of 27 °C, the length of the tape is 1m = 100 cm

T1 = 45 °C

At the temperature of 45 °C, the length of the tape is 63 cm.

The coefficient of linear expansion of steel = 1.20 × 10–5 K–1

Let L be the actual length of the steel rod, and L’ is the length at 45 °C

L’ = L [1 + ∝(T1 – T)]

= 100 [1+ 1.20 × 10–5 (45- 27)]

= 100[1+ 21.6 × 10–5]

= 100 + 2160 x 10–5

= 100 + 0.02160 = 100.02160

The actual length of the rod at 450 C is

L2 = (100.02160 /100) x 63 = 63. 013608 cm

The length of the rod at 270 C is 63.0 cm.

Q.7. A large steel wheel is to be fitted on to a shaft of the same material. At 27 °C, the outer diameter of the shaft is 8.70 cm, and the diameter of the central hole in the wheel is 8.69 cm. The shaft is cooled using ‘dry ice’. At what temperature of the shaft does the wheel slip on the shaft? Assume the coefficient of linear expansion of the steel to be constant over the required temperature range: αsteel = 1.20 × 10–5 K–1.

Ans:

Temperature, T= 27 °C

The outer diameter of the shaft at 27 °C is d1 = 8.70 cm

The diameter of the central hole in the wheel at 27 °C is d2 = 8.69 cm

The oefficient of linear expansion of steel, αsteel​=1.2×10–5 K−1

The temperature at which the wheel will slip on the shaft = T1​
Change due to cooling

d2= d1(1+αΔT)

d2 = d1[1+α(T1 – T)]

d2 – d1 = d1 α(T1 – T)

8.69 – 8.70 = 8.70 x 1.2×10–5x (T1 – 27)

-0.01 = 10.44 ×10–5 x (T1 – 27)

-0.01/ (10.44 ×10–5 ) = T1 – 27

T1 = 27 – [0.01/ (10.44 ×10–5 )]

T1 = 27 – 95.7 = -68.7

Therefore, the wheel will slip on the shaft when the temperature of the shaft is -68.7 0C.

Q.8. A hole is drilled in a copper sheet. The diameter of the hole is 4.24 cm at 27.0 °C. What is the change in the diameter of the hole when the sheet is heated to 227 °C? Coefficient of linear expansion of copper = 1.70 × 10–5 K–1.

Ans:

The diameter of hole ( D1) = 4.24 cm

The initial temperature, T1 = 27.0 °C = 27+ 273 = 300 K

The final temperature, T2 =227 °C = 227+ 273 = 500K

Let the diameter of the hole at the final temperature be D2

The coefficient of linear expansion of copper, α= 1.70 × 10–5 K–1

the initial area of hole (Ao)= πr² =π ( 4.24/2)²

Coefficient of superficial expansion (β) = 2× Coefficient of linear expansion of copper (α)= 2 × 1.7 × 10-5 = 3.4 × 10-5 

Using the formula,
A = Ao( 1 + β∆T)
A = π ( 4.24/2)² [1 + 3.4 × 10-5 × (500-300)] = π ( 4.24/2)² [ 1 + 3.4 × 10-5 × 200] = π ( 4.24/2)² [ 1 + 6.8 × 10-3 ] = π ( 4.24/2)²  [ 1 + 0.0068] =  π ( 4.24/2)² (1.0068)
πD2²/4 = π ( 4.24/2)² ( 1.0068 )
D2²= 17.97 (1.0068)

D2²=  18.092

= 4.253

D2 = 4.253 cm
Change in diameter (∆D) = D2 – D1
= 4.253 – 4.24
= 0.013 cm

Q.9. A brass wire 1.8 m long at 27 °C is held taut with little tension between two rigid supports. If the wire is cooled to a temperature of –39 °C, what is the tension developed in the wire, if its diameter is 2.0 mm? Co-efficient of linear expansion of brass = 2.0 × 10–5 K–1; Young’s modulus of brass = 0.91 × 1011 Pa.

Ans:

The initial temperature, T1=27oC

The length of the brass wire at 27oC, l =1.8m

The final temperature, T2=- 390C

The diameter of the wire, d=2.0mm=2×10−3m

The coefficient of linear expansion of brass,α =2.0×10−5K−1

Young’s modulus of brass, Y=0.91×1011 Pa

Young’s modulus is given by the relation.

Y= Stress / Strain

Y=(F/A)/ (ΔL/L)

Y = (F x L) /(A x ΔL)

ΔL=F×L/(A×Y) ……(1)

Where,

F= Tension developed in the wire

Cross-sectional area of the wire, A = πd2/4 = π (2×10−3)2/4

The change in the length (ΔL) is given by the relation:

ΔL= αL(T2 -T1) …..(2)

Equating equations (1) and (2), we get

αL(T2−T1)=(F×L)/(A×Y)

F = [αL(T2−T1) x A x Y]/L

F= α(T2−T1)Yπ(d/2)2

= 2×10−5× (−39−27) x 0.91×1011 ×3.14 x (2×10−3 /2)2

= 2×10−5× (- 66) x 0.91×1011 ×3.14 x ×1 x10−6

= – 377.18

= – 3.77 x 102 N

The negative sign indicates that the tension is directed inward.

Hence, the tension developed in the wire is 3.77×102 N.

Q. 10. A brass rod of length 50 cm and diameter 3.0 mm is joined to a steel rod of the same length and diameter. What is the change in length of the combined rod at 250 °C, if the original lengths are at 40.0 °C? Is there a ‘thermal stress’ developed at the junction? The ends of the rod are free to expand (Co-efficient of linear expansion of brass = 2.0 × 10–5 K–1, steel = 1.2 × 10–5 K–1 ).

Ans:

Length of the brass rod = Length of the steel rod = L0 = 50 cm

Diameter of the brass rod = Diameter of the steel rod = 3 mm

The initial temperature ( T1) = 40°C
The final temperature ( T2) = 250°C
Therefore, the increase in temperature (∆T) = 250 – 40 =210°C

The coefficient of linear expansion of brass, ∝ = 2 × 10-5 K-1
The coefficient of linear expansion of steel, β = 1.2 × 10-5 K-1

The final length of brass, L1

L1 = Lo(1 + ∝∆T)
= 50( 1 + (2 × 10-5 × 210))
=50( 1 + 420 × 10-5)
= 50× 1.00420
= 50.21 cm

Increase in length of brass ( ∆L) = L2 – L1
= 50.21 – 50
= 0.21 cm

Final length of steel, L2= Lo(1 + β∆T)
= 50( 1 + (1.2 × 10-5 × 210))
= 50 × 1.00252
= 50.126 cm

Increase in length ( ∆L’) = 50.126 cm – 50 cm = 0.126 cm
The total increase in the length = ∆L + ∆L’
= 0.21 + 0.126
= 0.336 cm

Q-11: The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine is 49 × 10–5 K–1. What is the fractional change in its density for a 30 °C rise in temperature?

Ans:

Given:
Coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine, αV = 49 × 10-5 K -1
Rise in temperature, ΔT = 30°C
Fractional change in volume =

Q.12: A 10 kW drilling machine is used to drill a bore in a small aluminium block of mass 8.0 kg. How much is the rise in temperature of the block in 2.5 minutes, assuming 50% of power is used up in heating the machine itself or lost to the surroundings? Specific heat of aluminium = 0.91 J g–1 K–1.

Ans:

Power = 10 kW

Mass of the small aluminium block, m = 8 kg = 8 x 103 g

Time = 2.5×60=150 s

Specific heat of aluminium, c= 0.91 J g–1 K–1

Total energy =P×t=104 ×150=15×105 J
As 50% of the energy is used in the heating or lost to the surrounding,

Therefore, thermal energy available, ΔQ= (1/2) x 15×105
= 7.5 x 105
As ΔQ=mcΔT
ΔT= ΔQ/mc

=  7.5 x 105/ (8 x 103 ×0.91)

= 7.5 x 105/ 7.28 x 103

= 1.03 x 102 

Rise in the temperature of the block, ΔT = 1030 C

Q.13. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a furnace to a temperature of 500 °C and then placed on a large ice block. What is the maximum amount of ice that can melt? (Specific heat of copper = 0.39 J g–1 K–1; the heat of fusion of water = 335 J g–1 )

Ans:

The mass of the copper block, m = 2.5 kg

The temperature of the block, ΔT= 5000 C

The pecific heat of copper, c= 0.39 J g–1 K–1

The latent heat of fusion of water, L = 335 J g–1

Let m’ be the mass of the ice melted.

Therefore, Heat gained by ice = Heat lost by copper

m’L = mcΔT

m’ = mc ΔT/L

= (2500 x 0.39 x 500)/335 = 1500 g = 1.5 kg

Q.14. In an experiment on the specific heat of a metal, a 0.20 kg block of the metal at 150 °C is dropped in a copper calorimeter (of water equivalent 0.025 kg) containing 150 cm3 of water at 27 °C. The final temperature is 40 °C. Compute the specific heat of the metal. If heat losses to the surroundings are not negligible, is your answer greater or smaller than the actual value for the specific heat of the metal?

Ans:

The mass of the metal block, m = 0.20 kg = 200 g
The initial temperature of the metal block, T1​ = 1500C
The final temperature of the metal block, T2​ = 400C
The copper calorimeter has water equivalent of mass, m1= 0.025 kg = 25 g
The volume of water, V = 150 cm3
The mass (M) of water at temperature T = 270C is $150\times 1=150g$

Specific heat of water, Cw$=4.186J/g/K$
Specific heat of the metal = c

Decrease in the temperature of the metal block

ΔT1=T1​–T2​ =150−40=110oC
Increase in the temperature of the water and calorimeter system, ΔT2=40−27=130C

Heat lost by the metal = Heat gained by the water + Heat gained by the  calorimeter

mCΔT1 = (M+m1)CwΔT2

C = [(M+m1)CwΔT2]/mΔT1

= [(150 +25) x 4.186 x 13]/(200 x 100)

=(175 x 4.186 x 13)/(200 x 100)

= 9523.15/22000

= 0.43 Jg−1k−1

If some heat is lost to the surroundings, the specific heat of metal will be lesser than the actual value.

Q.15: Given below are observations on molar specific heats at room temperature of some common gases.

Gas	Molar Specific Heat CV ( cal mol-1 K-1)
Chlorine	6.17
Oxygen	5.02
Carbon monoxide	5.01
Nitric oxide	4.99
Nitrogen	4.97
Hydrogen	4.87

 Generally, the specific heat of a monoatomic gas is 2.92 cal (mol K )‑1 , which is significantly lower than the specific heat of the above gases. Explain. It can be observed that chlorine has little larger value of specific heat, what could be the reason?

Ans:

The gases in the above list are all diatomic, and a diatomic molecule has translational, vibrational and rotational motion. Whereas a monoatomic gas only has translational motion. So, to increase the temperature of one mole of a diatomic gas by 1°C, heat needs to be supplied to increase translational, rotational and vibrational energy.  Thus, the above gases have significantly higher specific heat than monoatomic gases Chlorine has a little larger specific heat as compared to the others in the list because it possesses vibrational motion as well, while the rest only have rotational and translational motions.

Q.16. A child running a temperature of 101°F is given an antipyrin (i.e. a medicine that lowers fever) which causes an increase in the rate of evaporation of sweat from his body. If the fever is brought down to 98 °F in 20 minutes, what is the average rate of extra evaporation caused by the drug? Assume the evaporation mechanism to be the only way by which heat is lost. The mass of the child is 30 kg. The specific heat of the human body is approximately the same as that of water, and the latent heat of evaporation of water at that temperature is about 580 cal g–1.

Ans:

The initial temperature of the child, Ti =101o F
The final temperature of the child, Tf=98oF
The decrease in the temperature, △T=(101−98)= 30 F = 3×(5/9)= 1.670 C

The mass of the child, m=30 kg=30×103 g
The time taken to reduce the temperature, t = 20 min

The specific heat of the human body = Specific heat of water = c =1000 cal kg-1 0C-1
The latent heat of evaporation of water, L=580 cal g−1

The heat lost by the child is given as
△θ=mc△T
=30×1000× 1.67
=50100 cal
Let m’ be the amount of water evaporated from the child’s body in 20 min.

m’ =△θ/L
=(50100/580)=86.37 g

Therefore, the average rate of evaporation=86.2/20
=4.3 g/min.

Q. 17: A ‘thermacole’ icebox is a cheap and efficient method for storing small quantities of cooked food in summer in particular. A cubical icebox of side 30 cm has a thickness of 5.0 cm. If 4.0 kg of ice is put in the box, estimate the amount of ice remaining after 6 h. The outside temperature is 45 °C, and the co-efficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole is 0.01 J s–1 m–1 K–1. [Heat of fusion of water = 335 × 103 J kg–1]

Ans:

The side of the cubical icebox, s =30 cm=3 x 10-2 m
The thickness of the icebox, L =5.0 cm=0.05 m
The mass of ice kept in the icebox, m=4 kg

Time, t=6 h=6×60×60 = 21600
Outside temperature, T1= 45o C

The temperature of the icebox = 00 C

The temperature difference = T1 – T2 =45o C – 00 C

The surface area of the icebox = 6 x (0.30)2= 0.54
The coefficient of thermal conductivity of thermacole, K=0.01 Js−1m−1k−1
The heat of fusion of water, L= 335×10 3 Jkg −1

The total heat entering the icebox in 6 hours is

Q = KA(T1−T2)t/L

= (0.01 Js-1m-1C-1 x 0.54 m2 x 450 C x 21600 s)/0.05 m

= 1.05 x 105 J

Let m be the total amount of ice that melts in 6 h.

But Q= mL
Therefore, m = Q/L
=1.05 x 105 /(335×103)=0.313 kg

Amount of ice remaining after 6 h = 4–0.313=3.687 kg

Q.18.A brass boiler has a base area of 0.15 m2 and a thickness of 1.0 cm. It boils water at the rate of 6.0 kg/min when placed on a gas stove. Estimate the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler. Thermal conductivity of brass = 109 J s–1 m–1 K–1; Heat of vaporisation of water = 2256 × 103 J kg–1.

Ans:

The base area of the brass boiler, A= 0.15 m2

The thickness of the boiler, d =1.0 cm=0.01 m
The brass boiler boils water at the rate, R=6.0 kg/min

Time, t = 60 sec

Mass = 6 kg

The thermal conductivity of brass, K =109 Js−1m−1k−1

The heat of vaporisation of water, L = 2256×103 Jkg−1

Let  T1 be the temperature of the flame in contact with the boiler.

Let T2 be the boiling point of water = 100 0C

Let Q be the amount of heat flowing into the water through the base of the boiler.
Q =KA(T1 −T2)t/d
Q = [109 x 0.15 x (T1 – 100) x 60]/ 0.01 ——-(1)
Heat received by water
Q=mL

Q = 6 x 2256×103 ——-(2)
Equating equations (1) and (2), we get
mL  = KA(T1 −T2)t/d

6 x 2256×103 = [109 x 0.15 x (T1 – 100) x 60]/ 0.01
​13536 ×103 x 0.01 = 981 (T1 – 100)

T1 – 100 = 13536 ×103 x 0.01/ 981

T1 = 137.9 + 100

= 237. 9 oC

Therefore, the temperature of the part of the flame in contact with the boiler is 237.98 oC.

Q.19. Explain why:

(a) a body with large reflectivity is a poor emitter.

(b) a brass tumbler feels much colder than a wooden tray on a chilly day.

(c) an optical pyrometer (for measuring high temperatures) calibrated for ideal black body radiation gives too low a value for the temperature of a red-hot iron piece in the open but gives a correct value for the temperature when the same piece is in the furnace.

(d) the earth without its atmosphere would be inhospitably cold.

(e) heating systems based on the circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than those based on the circulation of hot water.

Ans:

(a) A body with a large reflectivity is a poor absorber of heat radiation. A poor absorber will be a poor emitter of radiation. Therefore, a body with a large reflectivity is a poor emitter.

(b) Brass is a good conductor of heat, and wood is a poor conductor of heat. When we touch a brass tumbler, heat is conducted from our hand to the tumbler, and there is a drop in the body temperature; therefore, we feel cold.  When a wooden tray is touched on a chilly day, very less heat is conducted from the hand to the wooden tray, and body temperature is not decreased much. So we do not feel cold.

(c) The radiation energy from a red-hot iron piece placed in a furnace is given by the relation

E=σT4

When the iron piece is placed in the open, the radiation energy is given by the relation

E=σ(T4−T04)

Here, E is the energy radiation.

T is the temperature of the optical pyrometer.

σ is a constant.

T0 is the temperature of the open space.

The increase in the temperature of the open space reduces the radiation energy.

(d)  If there is no atmosphere, extra heat will not be trapped. All the heat from the sun will be radiated back from the surface of the earth. So without the atmosphere, the earth would be inhospitably cold.

(e) Steam at 100 0C is much hotter than water at 100 0C. This is because steam will have a lot of heat in the form of latent heat (540 cal/g).  Therefore, heating systems based on the circulation of steam are more efficient in warming a building than those based on the circulation of hot water.

Q.20. A body cools from 80 °C to 50 °C in 5 minutes. Calculate the time it takes to cool from 60 °C to 30 °C. The temperature of the surroundings is 20 °C.

Ans:

Here,
The initial temperature of the body, T1=80 0C
The final temperature of the body, T2 = =50 0C

Average temperature, (T1 + T2) /2

= (80 + 50)/2 = 65 0C
The temperature of the surrounding, T0 =20 0C

The temperature difference, ΔT= 65 0C  – 20 0C = 45 0C
t=5 min.
According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of cooling is proportional to the difference in temperature

Change in temperature/ Time = K ΔT

(T2 – T1)/t = KΔT
(80 – 50)/5 = K(45)

6 = K(45)

K = 6/45

K = 2/15

In the second condition,
The initial temperature of the body, T1 =60 0C
The final temperature of the body, T2 =30 0C
Let t be the time taken for cooling.

Average temperature, (T1 + T2)/2 = (60 + 30)/2 = 45 0C

Temperature difference, ΔT = 45 0C – 20 0C = 25 0C

According to Newton’s law of cooling, the rate of cooling is proportional to the difference in temperature

Change in temperature/ Time = K ΔT

(T2 – T1)/t = KΔT

(60 – 30)/t = (2/15) (25)

30/t = 3.33

t = 30/3.33 = 9 min

Q.21. Answer the following questions based on the P-T phase diagram of carbon dioxide:
(a) At what temperature and pressure can the solid, liquid and vapour phases of CO2 co-exist in equilibrium?
(b) What is the effect of the decrease of pressure on the fusion and boiling point of CO2?
(c) What are the critical temperatures and pressure for CO2? What is its significance?
(d) Is CO2 solid, liquid or gas at (a) –70 °C under 1 atm, (b) –60 °C under 10 atm, (c) 15 °C under 56 atm?

Ans:

(a) Liquid and vapour phases of CO2 co-exist at the triple point temperature = – 56.6 °C and pressure = 5.11 atm.
(b) Both the boiling point and freezing point of CO2 decrease if pressure decreases.
(c) The critical temperature and pressure of CO2 are 31.1 °C and 73.0 atm, respectively.
Above this temperature, CO2 will not liquefy, even if compressed to high pressures.
(d) (a) vapour (b) solid (c) liquid

Q.22: A hot ball cools from 90 °C to 10 °C in 5 minutes. If the surrounding temperature is 20°C, what is the time taken to cool from 60 °C to 30 °C?

Ans:

Using Newton’s law of cooling, the cooling rate is directly proportional to the difference in temperature.

Here, average of 90C and 40 °C = 50 °C

Surrounding temperature = 20 °C

Difference = 50 – 20= 30° C

Under the given conditions, the ball cools to 80° C for 5 minutes